2019年度《全球可持续制冷普惠的风险和机遇》报告揭示了日益严峻的制冷挑战。该报告指出，生活在贫困的农村和城市地区的10.5亿人口因缺乏制冷条件而在公共安全、健康、安全医药和食品供应方面承受着巨大风险。随着气候变化导致地球气温升高，获取合格的冰箱、可靠的电扇、空调和其他制冷设备变得至关重要。

“随着城镇化在全球范围内快速发展，以及气温持续升高，缺乏可持续制冷条件的人口急剧增长，”“人人享有可持续能源”行政委员会主席兼葡萄牙电力公司首席执行官António Mexia说道，“到2030年，劳动生产率损失的成本将达到20亿美元，而发展中世界面临着气温升高、缺乏制冷条件、经济增长停滞和全球制冷发展不平衡加剧的问题，将承受最严重的‘劳动生产率罚单’。”

作为《全球可持续制冷普惠的风险和机遇》系列的第二份报告，2019年报告显示，因缺乏制冷条件而面临高风险的城市贫困人口（生活在城市而通常缺乏稳定供电的人口）显著增长。有6.8亿城市贫困人口没有或只有有限的制冷条件来保护自己免受热浪侵袭，而去年这一数字为5亿人，另外还有3.65亿生活在农村地区的贫困人口也面临着同样的高风险。此外还有22亿下层中产阶级仅能购买价格低廉的高能耗空调，推高全球能源需求并造成严重的气候影响。

“人人享有可持续能源”制冷与节能部门负责人Brian Dean强调了将制冷条件视为基本权利的必要性。他指出：“在全球变暖，气候变化为世界持续带来致命性影响的情况下，我们绝不能将制冷条件视为奢侈品。在热浪的侵袭下，它攸关着儿童与老人的生命安危。制冷条件可以保障工人的劳动效率，让各家各户安全地存储营养食品，并让新生儿在农村的诊所接种有效的疫苗。提供可持续制冷条件是一项公平问题，数百万人能够因此摆脱贫困，推动实现可持续发展目标。”

本年度报告于《蒙特利尔议定书》缔约方在意大利罗马举行会议期间发表，记录了去年取得的重要成果，突出展示了可持续制冷条件的创新解决方案，并呼吁各国政府、行业和开发性金融机构立即开展合作，减少因缺乏制冷条件而蒙受风险的人口数量。报告还为各国政府、非政府组织和发展机构提供了一款新工具制冷普惠需求评估（The Cooling for All Needs Assessment），方便它们根据舒适、安全、营养和健康需求准确量化制冷需求的市场。

本年度报告的要点包括：

• 在52个高风险国家，有3.65亿农村人口和6.5亿城市贫困人口承受着巨大风险，原因是：
  • 贫困的农村地区缺乏安全的食品和医药条件
  • 面对热浪袭击，城市贫困人口没有或仅有有限的制冷条件来保护自己
• 22亿人呈现截然不同的风险，他们来自发展中国家正在崛起的下层中产阶级，只能购买价格低廉、高能耗的空调，导致能源需求增高，排放量增长。
• 2019年，在52个具有重大影响力的国家，至少有32亿人口面临缺乏制冷条件的挑战。
• 世界各地的城市面临人口日益增长和气温不断升高的现实，这对它们的电力系统供电的稳定性造成日益严峻的压力
• 许多国家没有全国性的制冷规划，这意味着它们没有投资基础设施建设，以提供居民和商业制冷条件，解决高耗能制冷系统对环境造成的危害，也没有建立支持食品安全和医药安全的冷链设备。

2019年度《全球可持续制冷普惠的风险和机遇》《全球可持续制冷普惠的风险和机遇》提出了一系列以行动为导向的建议并辅以充实的资料，为政策制定者、开发性金融机构和制冷行业完善制冷条件提供了帮助。这些建议有：

• 政府政策制定者应运用制冷普惠需求评估工具来衡量制冷需求和总体解决方案，制定和实施全面的国家制冷规划，为弱势群体提供保护。
• 慈善家、开发者和金融家应优先考虑最弱势的群体。为此，他们需要利用多元化的融资工具让制冷条件惠及所有人。另外，还应跟踪用于为高危人群提供制冷条件的资金流向。
• 行业和企业必须确保金字塔底端产品的节能性和可负担性，通过技术升级、维护和技术人员培训，加快行动。
• 除了国家层面政策规划的支持，城市和地方当局还应运用制冷普惠需求评估工具来确定保护最弱势群体的优先行动。

该报告引发了人们对《巴黎气候协定》、可持续发展目标和《蒙特利尔议定书基加利修正案》三大国际公约的共同交集的关注。基加利修正案的一个主要目标是减少广泛应用于空调和冰箱中的强效温室提起氢氟碳化合物的使用和生产。

该报告由“人人享有可持续能源”在基加利制冷能效项目的协助下与其共同编写。《全球可持续制冷普惠的风险和机遇》是“人人享有可持续能源”的一项研究课题，受到来自全球制冷条件小组的大力支持。

编者注

联系方式：

如需了解更多关于报告的详细信息或申请采访，请联系Beth Woodthorpe-Evans，人人享有可持续能源： beth@SEforALL.org | +1 202 390 1042

关于“人人享有可持续能源”

“人人享有可持续能源”支持领导者建立伙伴关系，解锁融资，以让人人享有可持续能源，推动建设惠及所有人的更干净、更公平和更繁荣的世界。该组织旨在减少能源的碳强度，同时让人人享用可持续的能源。

有关更多信息，请访问SEforALL.org并关注@SEforALLorg

Chilling Prospects: Tracking Sustainable Cooling for All 2019  shines a light on the growing cooling access challenge. This year’s report finds that the public safety, health, safe medicine and food supply for 1.05 billion people in poor rural and urban areas are now at risk from lack of access to cooling. That includes adequate refrigeration, access to a reliable fan, air conditioning and other areas that are essential as the earth’s temperatures rise due to climate change.

“As the world rapidly urbanizes and temperatures only grow, we risk a significant increase in the number of people without access to sustainable cooling”, said António Mexia, Chairman of the SEforALL Administrative Board and CEO of Energias de Portugal (EDP). “By 2030, the cost of productivity losses will be USD 2 trillion, and it will be the developing world that suffers the greatest “productivity penalty” as they deal with record temperatures and lack of cooling, stunting economic growth and further exacerbating global cooling inequity.”

This year’s report, the second in the Chilling Prospects series, shows a notable growth in the numbers of ‘urban poor’ – those living in cities yet often lacking reliable access to electricity – at highest risk from a lack of cooling access. 680 million people living in urban slums have little or no cooling to protect them in a heatwave – a rise of 50 million people in the past year – with an additional 365 million people living in poor rural areas also at high risk. A further 2.2 billion in the lower middle class are only able to afford cheaper, less energy efficient air conditioners, potentially causing a spike in global energy demand and profound negative climate impacts.

Brian Dean, Head of Cooling and Energy Efficiency at Sustainable Energy for All, highlighted the need to see cooling access as a right: “In a warming world facing ongoing deadly impacts from climate change, we cannot view cooling as a luxury. In a heatwave, it can be a matter of life or death for children and older people. It ensures that workers are productive,, that families can store nutritious food securely, and that infants can receive an effective vaccine in a rural clinic. Delivering sustainable cooling is an issue of equity that will enable millions to escape poverty and help to realize the Sustainable Development Goals.”

Launched during the Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP 31) in Rome, Italy, this year’s report takes stock of progress made over the past year, highlighting new solutions to sustainable access to cooling and calling on governments, industry, and development finance to urgently work together to reduce the number of people at risk from lack of access to cooling. It also provides a new tool, The Cooling for All Needs Assessment, for governments, NGOs and development institutions to accurately size the market for cooling demands based on comfort, safety, nutrition and health needs.

Highlight findings from this year’s report include:

• In 52 high-risk countries, 365 million people in rural areas and 680 million people in urban slums are at risk due to:
  • Poor rural areas lack access to safe food and medicines
  • Poor urban slums have little or no cooling to protect them in a heatwave
• 2.2 billion people present a different risk, a rising, lower-middle class in developing countries, who are only able to afford cheaper, less efficient air conditioners that could create a spike in energy demand and rise in emissions.
• Across the 52 high-impact countries, at least 3.2 billion people face cooling access challenges in 2019.
• Cities across the world are growing and becoming hotter, which is causing increasing pressure on their electricity systems to deliver cooling sustainably.
• Many countries do not have national cooling plans that will invest in infrastructure to provide residential and commercial cooling, address damage to the climate by inefficient cooling systems and establish cold chains that support food security and medical security.

Chilling Prospects: Tracking Sustainable Cooling for All 2019 sets out a series of action-oriented recommendations, complete with resources, to allow policymakers, development financiers, and industry to accelerate access to cooling. These include:

• Government policymakers should develop and implement comprehensive national cooling plans that protect the vulnerable, using the Cooling for All Needs Assessment to measure demand and aggregate solutions.
• Donors, development practitioners and financiers should prioritize the most vulnerable. To do so, they must harness a diverse set of financing tools to deliver universal cooling access. There is also a clear need to track financial flows directed towards access to cooling for at risk populations. 
• Industry and business must ensure efficiency and affordability at the ‘Base of the Pyramid’, accelerating action through skills development, maintenance, and technician training. 
• In addition to supporting policy planning at the national level, cities and local authorities should use the Cooling for All Needs Assessment to identify priority actions to protect their most vulnerable populations. 

The report draws attention to the direct intersection between three internationally agreed goals: the Paris Climate Agreement; the Sustainable Development Goals; and the Montreal Protocol’s Kigali Amendment. One of the key goals of the Kigali Amendment is to limit consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), a potent greenhouse gas used widely in air conditioners and refrigerators.

The report was produced in partnership and supported by the Kigali Cooling Efficiency Program (K-CEP). The Chilling Prospects research is part of SEforALL’s Cooling for All initiative, which developed the report along with contributions from the Global Panel on Access to Cooling.

NOTES TO EDITORS

Contact: 

For further details on the report or any interview requests, please contact; Beth Woodthorpe-Evans, Sustainable Energy for All: beth@SEforALL.org | +1 202 390 1042

About Sustainable Energy for All

Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) empowers leaders to broker partnerships and unlock finance to achieve universal access to sustainable energy, as a contribution to a cleaner, just and prosperous world for all. SEforALL exists to reduce the carbon intensity of energy while making it available to everyone on the planet.

For more information, visit SEforALL.org and follow @SEforALLorg